1) Frost wedging (or freeze-thaw weathering): This occurs when water seeps into cracks and crevices in rocks and then freezes. As water turns into ice, it expands, exerting pressure on the rock and causing it to break apart.

2) Exfoliation (or pressure release weathering): This occurs when the outer layer of a rock is exposed to rapid temperature changes, causing it to expand and contract. Over time, this can cause the outer layer to peel off.

3) Abrasion (or grinding): This occurs when rocks and other materials are transported by wind, water, or ice and collide with each other, wearing them down.

4) Hydration:This occurs when water is absorbed into the minerals of a rock, causing them to expand and break down the rock.