1. Seeds: Seeds are a key adaptation that allows seed plants to thrive on land. They provide a protective coat for the developing embryo, and contain a food source (endosperm) to nourish the embryo until it can photosynthesize on its own. This allows the plant to disperse its offspring far from the parent plant, and gives them a better chance of survival in challenging environments.
2. Pollen: Pollen grains, which contain the male gametes, are dispersed by wind or animals, and do not require water for fertilization. This is a significant advantage over plants like ferns that rely on water for sperm to reach the egg. The wind or animal-aided pollination allows seed plants to reproduce even in dry environments where water is scarce.
