1. The evolution of a waxy cuticle: This waxy layer on the surface of leaves and stems helped prevent water loss from the plant, which was crucial for survival in the dry terrestrial environment.
2. The development of vascular tissue: This specialized tissue (xylem and phloem) allowed for the efficient transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant. This was essential for plants to grow taller and access resources beyond the immediate vicinity of the ground.
These two adaptations, along with other important developments like the evolution of stomata, roots, and spores, allowed plants to successfully transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments.
