1) Biotic Interactions: These interactions occur between living organisms, including animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms, and how they affect each other. Biotic interactions can be positive, negative, or neutral. Common biotic interactions include competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
2) Abiotic Interactions: These interactions occur between non-living environmental components and living organisms. Abiotic factors can include climate, temperature, water availability, soil conditions, sunlight, nutrient availability, and pollution. Abiotic interactions play essential roles in shaping species distribution, physiology, behavior, and survival.
