Tectonic forces, also known as geomorphic processes, are the primary forces that shape the landscape. These forces are responsible for the creation of mountains, valleys, rivers, lakes, and other landforms. Tectonic forces can be divided into two main categories: endogenic and exogenic.

* Endogenic forces are those that originate from within the Earth, such as volcanic activity, earthquakes, and mountain building. These forces can cause the Earth's surface to move and deform, creating new landforms.

* Exogenic forces are those that originate from outside the Earth, such as wind, water, and ice. These forces can wear down and erode the Earth's surface, creating valleys, rivers, and other landforms.

The interaction of endogenic and exogenic forces is what shapes the landscape over time. For example, volcanic activity can create new mountains, while wind and water can erode those mountains over time. The resulting landscape is a product of the interplay of these different forces.