* Abundant Plant Material: Swamps and bogs are characterized by dense vegetation, providing the raw material (plant matter) needed for coal formation.

* Anaerobic Conditions: The waterlogged environment of swamps and bogs lacks oxygen, preventing the complete decomposition of plant material. This allows for the accumulation of partially decayed organic matter.

* Pressure and Heat: Over millions of years, the accumulated plant material gets buried under layers of sediment. The increasing pressure and heat transform the organic matter into coal.

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