- Depth range: ~10 km to 660 km

- Temperature: 1,200°C to 2,000°C

- Composition: Dominated by solid rock, including peridotite (a mixture of olivine and pyroxene minerals). The upper mantle is more rigid and less dense than the lower mantle.

- Convection: It is the site of convection currents that drive plate tectonics. The heat from Earth's core causes the rocks in the upper mantle to melt, rise, and cool, creating mantle plumes and volcanic activity at the surface.

2. Lower Mantle:

- Depth range: ~660 km to 2,891 km (Earth's core-mantle boundary)

- Temperature: 2,000°C to 3,700°C

- Composition: Similar to the upper mantle but denser due to increased pressure. The minerals become denser and more tightly packed as you move deeper into the lower mantle.

- Viscosity: The lower mantle is more viscous than the upper mantle, which means it resists deformation and flows slowly over time. This property contributes to the slow convection process in the lower mantle.

The upper and lower mantle exhibit different physical and chemical properties due to variations in temperature, pressure, and composition. These differences influence Earth's dynamics, such as plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and the formation of Earth's magnetic field.