The reaction that results in the breakdown of a chemical into simpler substances is called decomposition.

Here's a breakdown:

* Decomposition: A chemical reaction where a single reactant breaks down into two or more products.

* Simpler Substances: The products are typically smaller molecules or elements compared to the original reactant.

Example:

The decomposition of water (H₂O) into hydrogen gas (H₂) and oxygen gas (O₂) using electricity:

2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂

In this reaction, water (H₂O) is broken down into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂), which are simpler substances.