The modern system of naming substances based on their compositions, known as chemical nomenclature, was developed by a collaboration of scientists, but the most prominent figure is Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier.

While not the sole inventor, Lavoisier is considered the "father of modern chemistry" because of his groundbreaking work in the late 18th century:

* Systematization of chemical nomenclature: He introduced a system of naming compounds based on their elements and their proportions, laying the foundation for the modern system.

* Definition of elements: He redefined the concept of elements and established a clear distinction between elements and compounds.

* Law of Conservation of Mass: He formulated the fundamental law of conservation of mass, stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.

While Lavoisier's work laid the foundation, the modern system of chemical nomenclature has evolved over time with contributions from other scientists like Jöns Jacob Berzelius and August Wilhelm von Hofmann, who refined the system and introduced new rules and conventions.

Therefore, it's more accurate to say that the modern system of naming substances is the product of a collective effort by many scientists, with Lavoisier playing a pivotal role in its foundation.