Published in the journal Heritage Science, the study analyzed the materials used in the painting, which is considered to be one of Rembrandt's most famous and important works.
Using a variety of techniques, including X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy, the chemists were able to identify the specific pigments used by Rembrandt to achieve the golden effects in the painting.
They found that Rembrandt used a combination of lead-tin yellow and orpiment, a type of arsenic sulfide, to create the golden areas. Lead-tin yellow is a pigment that was commonly used in oil painting during the 17th century, while orpiment was a more rare and expensive pigment that was often used for its brilliant yellow color.
By combining these two pigments, Rembrandt was able to achieve a unique golden effect that is seen in the uniforms, weapons, and other details of the painting.
The study also revealed that Rembrandt used a thin layer of varnish over the golden areas to protect them and enhance their luster. This layer of varnish has darkened over time, contributing to the painting's overall appearance.
The chemists' findings provide new insights into Rembrandt's techniques and materials, and help us to better understand and appreciate his work.
