1. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): This central metabolic pathway is responsible for oxidizing acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, producing electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and ATP.
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation: This process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and involves the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a series of protein complexes, generating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
3. Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta-oxidation): This process breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, which can then enter the citric acid cycle.
4. Amino Acid Metabolism: Some amino acids are broken down within the mitochondria, contributing to the citric acid cycle.
5. Urea Cycle: The final step of the urea cycle, which removes excess nitrogen from the body, takes place in the mitochondria.
6. Heme Biosynthesis: The synthesis of heme, a component of hemoglobin, occurs partially within the mitochondria.
7. Steroid Hormone Synthesis: Some steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, are synthesized in the mitochondria of specific cell types.
8. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production: Mitochondria are a major site of ROS generation, which can be both beneficial and detrimental to cellular processes.
9. Apoptosis Signaling: The mitochondria play a role in triggering programmed cell death (apoptosis) through the release of pro-apoptotic factors.
10. Calcium Homeostasis: Mitochondria play a role in regulating intracellular calcium levels, which are crucial for various cellular functions.
It's important to note that the specific pathways active in mitochondria can vary depending on the cell type and its metabolic needs.
