1. Water: Water is essential for softening the seed coat, activating enzymes, and transporting nutrients within the seed.
2. Warmth: Each seed species has an optimal temperature range for germination. Warmth provides the energy needed for chemical reactions within the seed.
3. Oxygen: Germination requires respiration, which uses oxygen to release energy from stored food reserves.
While not always listed as a necessity, light can also play a role in germination. Some seeds require light to germinate, while others are inhibited by it.
