1. Plasma Membrane:
* Function: Outer boundary of the cell, controls what enters and exits.
* Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
2. Cytoplasm:
* Function: Gel-like substance that fills the cell, where most cellular processes occur.
* Structure: Water, salts, proteins, and other organic molecules.
3. Nucleus:
* Function: Control center of the cell, contains DNA.
* Structure: Surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) with pores. Contains nucleolus, a site of ribosome synthesis.
4. Ribosomes:
* Function: Synthesize proteins.
* Structure: Composed of rRNA and proteins, either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER.
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
* Function: Network of interconnected membranes involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
* Structure: Rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes).
6. Golgi Apparatus:
* Function: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
* Structure: Stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs.
7. Lysosomes:
* Function: Digest waste materials and cellular debris.
* Structure: Membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes.
8. Peroxisomes:
* Function: Detoxify harmful substances and break down fatty acids.
* Structure: Membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes.
9. Mitochondria:
* Function: Powerhouse of the cell, produce ATP through cellular respiration.
* Structure: Double membrane-bound organelles with their own DNA.
10. Centrosome:
* Function: Organizes microtubules and plays a role in cell division.
* Structure: Contains two centrioles.
11. Cytoskeleton:
* Function: Provides structural support and allows for cell movement.
* Structure: Network of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments).
12. Vacuoles:
* Function: Storage compartments for water, nutrients, and waste products.
* Structure: Large, fluid-filled sacs, more prominent in plant cells.
13. Cilia and Flagella:
* Function: Hair-like projections that aid in movement.
* Structure: Composed of microtubules.
Note: Animal cells do not have cell walls, chloroplasts, or plasmodesmata, which are found in plant cells.
