Here's how it works:
1. Synthesis: Integral membrane proteins are synthesized on ribosomes, often while the ribosome is attached to the ER membrane.
2. Translocation: As the protein is synthesized, it is threaded through a protein channel in the ER membrane. This process is called translocation.
3. Folding and Modification: Inside the ER lumen, the protein folds into its correct 3D structure and may undergo modifications like glycosylation (addition of sugars).
4. Transport to Golgi: From the ER, the protein travels to the Golgi apparatus via transport vesicles.
5. Further Modification and Sorting: In the Golgi, the protein may undergo further modifications and is sorted to its final destination.
6. Delivery to Membrane: For integral membrane proteins, the final destination is the cell membrane. Vesicles carrying these proteins bud off from the Golgi and fuse with the plasma membrane, delivering the proteins to their functional location.
Key point: The ER plays a crucial role in the synthesis, folding, and initial sorting of integral membrane proteins.