The theory that the Sun goes around the Earth was replaced by the heliocentric model, which states that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. This shift in understanding is attributed to the work of Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer who published his groundbreaking book "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543.

While Copernicus wasn't the first to propose the heliocentric model, his work was the most influential in challenging the prevailing geocentric model (Earth-centered) that had been accepted for centuries. His detailed observations and calculations provided strong evidence for the Sun being the center of our solar system.

The transition from a geocentric to a heliocentric model was a gradual process, and it took time for the scientific community to fully accept Copernicus's ideas. Other influential figures, like Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler, contributed to its acceptance by providing further observational evidence and mathematical refinements.

It's important to remember that the shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric model was a major scientific revolution that fundamentally changed our understanding of the universe.