The sixteenth-century astronomer who used mathematics to conclude that the Earth revolves around the Sun was Nicolaus Copernicus.

While others had proposed heliocentric models before him, Copernicus was the first to develop a comprehensive and mathematically sound model that could accurately predict the positions of planets in the sky. His book, *De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium* (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), published in 1543, outlined his heliocentric theory.