To conduct observations during cloudy conditions, astronomers often rely on other methods such as radio telescopes or space-based observatories that are not affected by Earth's atmosphere. Radio telescopes detect radio waves emitted by celestial objects, which can penetrate clouds and other atmospheric conditions. Space-based observatories, such as the Hubble Space Telescope, are located above Earth's atmosphere, allowing them to capture detailed observations without the interference of clouds or atmospheric distortions.