- Gendered expectations: Schools are often structured in ways that create different expectations for boys and girls. For example, boys may be expected to be more disruptive and athletic, while girls may be expected to be more compliant and nurturing. These expectations can influence how students view themselves and their abilities, and can lead to different academic outcomes.
- Gender stereotypes: Gender stereotypes are widely held beliefs about the characteristics and behaviors associated with men and women. These stereotypes can shape students' self-perceptions and aspirations, and can also influence how teachers and peers treat them. For example, girls may be discouraged from pursuing math and science careers because these fields are stereotypically seen as masculine.
- Gender discrimination: Gender discrimination can also occur in schools, both overtly and covertly. Overt discrimination may include sexist jokes or slurs, while covert discrimination may include more subtle forms of bias, such as giving boys more attention in class. Discrimination can create a hostile and unwelcoming environment for students, which can lead to lower academic achievement.
Here are some specific ways that gendered expectations, stereotypes, and discrimination can influence academic achievement:
Math and science: Girls are often less likely than boys to excel in math and science. This gap is partly due to the fact that girls often receive less encouragement to pursue these subjects. They may also be more likely to experience anxiety about math and science, which can interfere with their learning.
Reading and writing: Girls are typically stronger readers than boys, and they tend to achieve higher scores on reading and writing tests. However, boys are more likely to be reluctant readers, and they may be less likely to read for pleasure.
Overall achievement: When boys and girls are given the same opportunities, they achieve at similar levels. However, boys are more likely to drop out of school, and they are less likely to complete college. This is partly due to the fact that boys often face more challenges in school, such as behavioral problems and difficulty paying attention.
