1. Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion: This method directly converts sunlight into electricity using solar panels. These panels contain semiconductor materials like silicon, which absorb sunlight and release electrons, generating an electrical current.

2. Thermal Conversion: This method uses sunlight to heat a substance, like water or air. The heat can be used directly for applications like heating water or homes, or it can be used to generate electricity through a heat engine that drives a generator. This is often referred to as Solar Thermal Energy.