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  • Molecular Motion and Temperature: How Cooling Affects Molecules
    When an object is cooled, the molecules within it slow down.

    Here's why:

    * Temperature and Molecular Motion: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. So, the higher the temperature, the faster the molecules are moving.

    * Cooling and Energy Loss: Cooling an object means removing heat energy from it. As heat energy is removed, the molecules lose kinetic energy and therefore slow down.

    * States of Matter: This slowing down effect is most dramatic when a substance transitions from a gas to a liquid, and then from a liquid to a solid. In gases, molecules move freely and at high speeds. In liquids, they are closer together and move more slowly. In solids, they are tightly packed and vibrate in place.

    Important Note: Even at extremely low temperatures (near absolute zero), molecules still have a tiny amount of vibrational motion. They never completely stop moving.

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