1. Thrust: This is the force that propels the plane forward, generated by the engines.

2. Lift: This is the upward force generated by the wings, which is crucial for keeping the plane aloft. It is a result of the airfoil shape of the wings and the difference in air pressure above and below the wing.

3. Drag: This is the force that opposes the plane's motion, caused by friction between the plane and the air. It acts in the opposite direction of the plane's motion.

4. Gravity: This is the downward force exerted by the Earth on the plane.

In an ascending plane, here's how these forces play out:

* Thrust is the primary force driving the plane forward and upward.

* Lift is greater than the force of gravity, allowing the plane to climb.

* Drag opposes the plane's motion, slowing it down slightly.

* Gravity pulls the plane downward, but the lift force overcomes it during ascent.

The relationship between these forces is dynamic:

* As the plane ascends, lift increases to overcome the increasing force of gravity.

* Thrust may need to be increased to maintain the climb rate and overcome the increased drag.

The pilot controls the balance of these forces through:

* Throttle: Controls thrust

* Ailerons, elevators, and rudder: Control lift and drag through changes in wing angle and direction.

By adjusting these controls, the pilot can maintain a steady climb rate and achieve the desired altitude.