1) Thermal stress: fluctuations in temperature cause rocks to expand and contract. This stress can eventually lead to cracks and fractures in the rock. This process is most effective in areas with large diurnal temperature ranges, such as deserts.

2) Frost action: water seeps into cracks and crevices in rocks and then freezes. As water freezes, it expands and puts pressure on the surrounding rock, eventually causing the rock to break apart. This process is also most effective in areas with large diurnal temperature ranges, but it can also occur in colder climates where temperatures remain below freezing for extended periods of time.

3) Exfoliation: is a weathering process that occurs when the outer layers of a rock flake off. This can happen due to a number of factors, including changes in temperature, the action of water, and the growth of plants.