- Large intestine fermentation (ruminants): cellulose and lignin digestion.

-Large herbivores may have mutualistic relationships with symbiotic microorganisms.

-Frugivores (fruit-eaters) disperse undigested seeds.

-Folivores can tolerate chemical defenses such as tannins and phenols in some leaves.

-Behavioral: avoid predators (arboreal, nocturnal, social or solitary).

-Physiological: efficient metabolism, high rate of reproduction.