- Plate tectonics: The movement of tectonic plates drives many of the Earth's surface processes, including the formation of mountains, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.

- Climate change: The gradual warming of the Earth's climate due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to melting of glaciers, rising sea levels, and changes in weather patterns.

- Deforestation: The clearing of forests for agriculture, development, or other purposes leads to loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and changes in climate.

- Urbanization: The growth of cities increases the consumption of resources, leads to the conversion of natural habitats to urban areas, and contributes to air and water pollution.

- Pollution: The release of harmful chemicals and substances into the environment from industrial activities, agriculture, and transportation causes air and water pollution, as well as contamination of soil and groundwater.

Processes that changed the Earth in the past:

- Mass extinctions: The periodic extinction of large numbers of species due to natural events, such as volcanic eruptions or climate change, has shaped the evolution of life on Earth.

- Ice ages: Periods of intense cold and extensive ice sheets covering large parts of the Earth's surface occurred during the Earth's history and significantly altered landscapes and ecosystems.

- Continental drift: The movement of continents over long periods of time resulted in the formation of mountain ranges, the opening and closing of ocean basins, and changes in the Earth's geography.

- Volcanic activity: Major volcanic eruptions have had a profound impact on Earth's climate and ecosystems, including the release of volcanic ash and aerosols that can affect sunlight.

- Sea level changes: Changes in the sea level due to glacial melting, tectonic uplift, and other factors have submerged or exposed landmasses throughout Earth's history, influencing the distribution of habitats and life.