* Peer pressure: Countries can be held accountable by other countries through diplomatic pressure and public embarrassment. For example, countries that are not meeting their climate commitments may be criticized by other countries in international forums, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
* Legal agreements: Some countries have entered into binding international agreements to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. These agreements include the Paris Agreement, which went into effect in 2016. Under the Paris Agreement, countries are required to submit regular reports on their progress in meeting their climate targets. These reports are then reviewed by other countries, which can raise concerns if a country is not meeting its commitments.
* Market mechanisms: Carbon markets can also be used to hold countries accountable for their climate commitments. Carbon markets allow countries to trade carbon credits, which can be used to offset their emissions. This gives countries an incentive to reduce their emissions because they can then sell excess credits to other countries.
In addition to these mechanisms, there are a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that work to hold countries accountable for their climate commitments. These NGOs track countries' progress on their climate plans and publish reports on their findings. This information can then be used by citizens and activists to pressure governments to take action on climate change.