Research indicates that incivility in political discourse can diminish citizen's interests in engaging with politics and listening to what politicians have to say. Here are some key findings on the effect of incivility:

1. Lower Interest in Politics:

• Uncivil political discourse can alienate individuals who otherwise take an interest in politics.

• The disrespectful nature of uncivil discussions discourage people from actively participating in political conversations or paying attention to political activities.

2. Disengagement from Media Sources:

• When exposed to incivility in media or other communications. citizens are likelier to reduce their consumption of that particular news source or avoid it altogether. This effect extends to both mainstream and social media channels.

3. Limited exposure to Information:

• As people avoid news sources due to incivility, they miss out on essential political information crucial in guiding their judgments. This limited exposure to relevant information hinders political engagement.

4. Eroded Trust and Confidence:

• When political incivility becomes the norm, citizens tend to trust the political process and elected officials less. In addition, their belief in effective participation is eroded.