- Altered precipitation patterns: Changes in precipitation patterns, such as increased frequency of droughts or heavy rainfall events, can affect the availability of water for tree frogs.

- Rising temperatures: Increased temperatures can lead to changes in the thermal environment of tree frogs, making it difficult for them to maintain their body temperature and regulate their metabolism.

- Changes in phenology: Climate change can affect the timing of key life events for tree frogs, such as reproduction and migration, disrupting their synchrony with food availability and suitable environmental conditions.

- Increased risk of disease: Warming temperatures and altered precipitation patterns can create favourable conditions for the spread of diseases and parasites that can affect tree frog populations.

Invasive species:

- Competition for resources: Invasive species, such as bullfrogs and feral cats, can compete with tree frogs for resources like food and habitat, leading to declines in tree frog populations.

- Predation: Invasive species can also prey on tree frogs, directly reducing their numbers.

- Disease transmission: Invasive species can carry diseases and parasites that can be transmitted to tree frogs, causing health problems and population declines.

- Habitat modification: Invasive species can modify or degrade tree frog habitats, making them less suitable for survival and reproduction.

The combined effects of climate change and invasive species can have synergistic impacts on tree frog populations, leading to significant declines and even localized extinctions. Therefore, it is crucial to address both threats simultaneously through conservation and management strategies.