By Andrea Griffith Updated Aug 30, 2022
An array is a simple, visual tool that arranges objects to demonstrate how two numbers multiply together. Rather than relying on rote memorization, elementary students can see the relationship between numbers in a concrete way—whether they use pennies, blocks, or dots on paper.
Start with the number you want to factor—in this example, 12. Gather 12 identical objects (e.g., pennies).
Lay the 12 objects in a single line. This represents 12 × 1 = 12, so 12 and 1 are factors of 12.
Rearrange the same 12 objects into two rows of six, or six rows of two. This illustrates 2 × 6 = 12, confirming 2 and 6 as factors.
Next, form three rows of four (or four rows of three). This shows 3 × 4 = 12, so 3 and 4 are also factors.
Collect all the factor pairs you’ve identified: 1, 12, 2, 6, 3, and 4. Arrange them in ascending order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12. These are every factor of 12.
By visualizing multiplication through arrays, students not only grasp the concept of factors but also develop a deeper, more intuitive understanding of number relationships.
