1. The allele frequency equation:
* p + q = 1
* p represents the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.
* q represents the frequency of the recessive allele in the population.
* This equation states that the sum of the frequencies of all alleles for a given trait must equal 1.
2. The genotype frequency equation:
* p² + 2pq + q² = 1
* p² represents the frequency of individuals homozygous for the dominant allele.
* 2pq represents the frequency of heterozygous individuals.
* q² represents the frequency of individuals homozygous for the recessive allele.
* This equation states that the sum of the frequencies of all genotypes for a given trait must equal 1.
Important note: These equations are based on several assumptions:
* No mutations: Allele frequencies don't change due to new mutations.
* Random mating: Individuals choose mates without preference for any specific genotype.
* No gene flow: There's no migration of individuals into or out of the population.
* Large population size: The population is large enough to avoid random fluctuations in allele frequencies (genetic drift).
* No natural selection: All genotypes have equal chances of survival and reproduction.
If any of these assumptions are violated, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will be disrupted, and allele and genotype frequencies will change over time.
