Torque is defined as the rotational force applied to an object, tending to cause rotation. Its SI unit is the newton-meter (N·m). Torque is mathematically defined as the product of force and the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is applied.

$$τ = F × r × sin(θ)$$

where:

* $τ$ is the torque in newton-meters (N·m)

* $F$ is the force in newtons (N)

* $r$ is the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is applied in meters (m)

* $θ$ is the angle between the force and the perpendicular distance in degrees or radians.

The formula shows that torque is proportional to both force and the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. This means that increasing either the force or the distance from the axis of rotation will increase the torque. Additionally, the angle between the force and the perpendicular distance affects the torque, with a larger angle resulting in less torque.