* Study conducted by McKinsey & Company and NWEA used standardized test data from over 1.5 million students in grades 3-8

* Across the country, math learning fell between 3 and 11 percentile points, equivalent to losing 2-5 months of typical learning progress

* The share of students who passed state reading tests fell by an estimated 10% and that of math tests by 29%; racial and socioeconomic gaps also increased

COVID's toll on education has been devastating, and it will take years to fully recover. For students in high poverty schools the damage may be irreparable

* Learning losses are twice as large for economically disadvantaged students and English Language Learners, and 2.5 times larger for students in predominantly Black schools.

* High school seniors who've lost ground have a diminished shot at college entrance. That's because most colleges have standardized test score mandates, and most states haven't eliminated those test requirements.

Why is COVID learning loss so concentrated among already marginalized students?

* Unequal access to technology, a stable internet connection, and dedicated quiet space: These are vital assets for success during a remote learning period, and children from wealthy households have a large advantage in these areas.

* Increased caregiving responsibilities for marginalized students: Students who also helped care for younger siblings, work to contribute to the family finances, or help with care for elderly family members lost much more ground.

* Lack of support from school systems and government agencies: Schools in wealthier areas have been more likely to provide online tutoring, free meals, and devices to check out.

*What will it take to close the COVID learning gap?*

* Invest: The amount of money needed is enormous. The McKinsey & Co study authors propose a $1 trillion plan of federal money allocated to state educational agencies to support tutoring and other student support activities.

* Tutoring: This is thought to be the most efficient use of funds, and it will require paying tutors to work with 25-30 students each.

* Support for teachers and parents: Teachers need support in adjusting their curricular priorities and assessment practices to accommodate the realities of lost learning. Parents need help on how to support their children with learning at home.

* Time: It will take years of consistent effort to close the educational gaps that the pandemic imposed.