O Horizon (Organic Layer):

* The uppermost layer, composed of decomposed plant and animal matter (humus).

* Rich in nutrients and organic matter.

* Usually dark in color.

A Horizon (Topsoil):

* A mix of mineral particles (sand, silt, clay) and organic matter.

* Supports plant growth and is most fertile.

* Often darker in color than the layers below.

E Horizon (Eluviated Layer):

* Found in some soils, especially those in humid climates.

* Lighter in color than the A horizon due to the leaching of minerals and organic matter.

* Contains mostly sand and silt.

B Horizon (Subsoil):

* Rich in minerals, but less organic matter than the topsoil.

* Often denser and more compact than the layers above.

* Can have a variety of colors depending on the minerals present.

C Horizon (Parent Material):

* Consists of partially weathered rock fragments that form the basis of the soil.

* Less weathered than the layers above.

* May contain large rock fragments.

R Horizon (Bedrock):

* The solid, unweathered rock that lies beneath the soil.

* Not technically considered part of the soil profile.

Note: Not all soils have all these layers. The presence and development of specific layers depend on factors like climate, vegetation, and parent material.