Each horizon has unique characteristics and properties, such as color, texture, structure, and composition. These horizons are often labeled with letters, starting with the topmost layer:

* O horizon: This is the uppermost layer, composed of organic matter like leaves, twigs, and decaying plant material.

* A horizon: This is the topsoil, rich in organic matter and minerals. It's where most plant roots grow.

* E horizon: This is a zone of leaching, where minerals and organic matter are washed downward. It's often lighter in color than the A horizon.

* B horizon: This is the subsoil, where minerals accumulate from the layers above. It's often denser and more compact than the A horizon.

* C horizon: This is the weathered bedrock, where the soil profile begins to transition into the underlying parent material.

* R horizon: This is the bedrock, the solid unweathered rock.

The number and characteristics of soil horizons vary greatly depending on the climate, parent material, topography, vegetation, and age of the soil.