1. Canyons: These are deep, narrow valleys with steep sides, often carved by rivers over millions of years. The Grand Canyon is a prime example.

2. V-shaped valleys: As rivers cut down into the landscape, they create V-shaped valleys due to the downward erosion and the widening of the channel at the top.

3. Meanders: These are winding curves or loops in a river channel. As a river flows, it erodes the outer bank of the bend, creating a wider curve, and deposits sediment on the inner bank.

4. Oxbow lakes: Over time, meanders can become so pronounced that the river may cut across the neck of the bend, creating a cutoff. The abandoned meander loop then becomes an oxbow lake.

5. Floodplains: As rivers flood, they deposit sediment on the surrounding land, creating flat, fertile areas called floodplains. This sediment can build up over time, leading to the formation of terraces.