1. Volcanoes: As one tectonic plate slides beneath another (subducts), the descending plate melts due to friction and heat from the Earth's mantle. This molten rock, called magma, rises to the surface, often erupting to form volcanoes. These volcanoes are often found in chains, known as volcanic arcs, which are parallel to the subduction zone.
2. Trenches: The point where the subducting plate bends down beneath the overriding plate creates a deep, narrow depression in the ocean floor called a trench. These trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean and often host a unique ecosystem adapted to the high pressure and cold temperatures.
