Silicates:
* Quartz: Clear, milky, smoky, rose, amethyst, citrine, aventurine
* Feldspar: Orthoclase (moonstone), Albite (sunstone), Labradorite
* Beryl: Emerald, aquamarine, morganite, heliodor
* Garnet: Pyrope, almandine, grossular, andradite (demantoid), spessartine, uvarovite
* Topaz: Blue, pink, yellow, colorless
* Tourmaline: Black (schorl), pink (rubellite), green (verdelite), blue (indicolite), watermelon
* Corundum: Sapphire (blue), ruby (red), pink sapphire, yellow sapphire
* Jade: Jadeite (imperial jade), nephrite
Oxides:
* Corundum: Sapphire, ruby, pink sapphire, yellow sapphire
* Spinel: Red, pink, blue, black, purple
* Chrysoberyl: Alexandrite, cat's eye
* Hematite: Red, metallic
* Rutile: Golden, reddish
* Cassiterite: Black, brown
Carbonates:
* Emerald: (Although technically a beryl, it's often considered a gemstone in its own right)
* Malachite: Green
* Azurite: Blue
* Rhodochrosite: Pink
Sulfides:
* Pyrite: Gold-colored, metallic
* Galena: Gray, metallic
* Cinnabar: Red
* Chalcopyrite: Brassy yellow
Other:
* Opal: Play of color
* Lapis lazuli: Blue
* Turquoise: Blue-green
* Amber: Yellow to reddish-brown
* Pearl: White, cream, black, pink
* Coral: Red, pink, white
* Jet: Black
* Onyx: Black and white banded
Note:
* Some minerals can be classified as gemstones even if they are not commonly used as such. The distinction between a gem mineral and an ordinary mineral is often based on aesthetic qualities, rarity, and value.
* This is not an exhaustive list, and there are many other gem minerals.
It's important to remember that the value of a gem is determined by its color, clarity, cut, and carat weight.
