Water Flows:
* Canyons: Deep, narrow valleys carved by rivers over long periods. The Grand Canyon is a prime example.
* River Valleys: Wider valleys shaped by the eroding and depositing action of rivers.
* Floodplains: Flat areas along rivers formed by deposited sediment during floods.
* Deltas: Triangular-shaped landforms created at the mouth of a river where it enters a larger body of water. The Nile River Delta is a well-known example.
* Alluvial Fans: Fan-shaped deposits of sediment at the base of mountains formed by rivers that flow out of them.
* Meanders: Winding bends in a river caused by the water's tendency to flow more quickly on the outside of the bend and more slowly on the inside.
* Oxbow Lakes: U-shaped lakes formed when a meander is cut off from the main river channel.
* Terraces: Step-like landforms along the sides of river valleys created by erosion and deposition over time.
* Waterfalls: Vertical drops in a river caused by differences in rock hardness or by geological faults.
Wind Erosion:
* Sand Dunes: Hills of sand created by the action of wind. Dunes can be crescent-shaped (barchan), linear (longitudinal), or star-shaped (star).
* Loess Deposits: Fine-grained, wind-blown silt that forms thick deposits in some areas.
* Yardangs: Elongated, streamlined ridges carved by wind erosion.
* Ventifacts: Rocks that have been shaped and smoothed by wind-blown sand.
* Deflation Basins: Depressions in the ground formed by the removal of soil and sediment by wind.
* Rock Pedestals: Isolated, mushroom-shaped rocks carved by wind erosion.
Features formed by both water flows and wind erosion:
* Badlands: Rugged, eroded landscapes often characterized by steep slopes, canyons, and gullies. These can be formed by a combination of water erosion and wind erosion.
* Mesas and Buttes: Flat-topped landforms with steep sides created by erosion. Mesas are larger than buttes.
It's important to note that many landforms are formed by a combination of processes, including water flows, wind erosion, glacial erosion, and tectonic activity.
