1. O Horizon (Organic Layer): This is the top layer and is made up of decaying plant and animal matter. It's rich in nutrients and is typically dark in color.
2. A Horizon (Topsoil): This layer is a mix of mineral particles, organic matter, and living organisms. It's where most plant roots grow and is generally the most fertile layer.
3. E Horizon (Eluviated Layer): This layer is found beneath the A horizon and is characterized by the leaching of minerals and organic matter. It's often lighter in color than the A horizon due to the loss of these materials.
Beyond the top 3:
* B Horizon (Subsoil): This layer is enriched with minerals that have been leached from the A and E horizons. It's often denser and less fertile than the topsoil.
* C Horizon (Parent Material): This is the deepest layer and is made up of the bedrock or other materials from which the soil formed. It's relatively unaltered and doesn't contain much organic matter.
