1. O horizon (Organic layer): This is the top layer, made up of decomposing plant and animal matter, such as leaves, twigs, and roots. It's rich in nutrients and helps improve soil structure.
2. A horizon (Topsoil): This is the layer of mineral soil mixed with decomposed organic matter (humus). It's where most plant roots grow and is often darker in color than the layers below.
3. E horizon (Eluviated layer): This layer is found in some soils and is characterized by the loss of minerals and organic matter, making it lighter in color than the A horizon.
4. B horizon (Subsoil): This layer is richer in minerals than the A horizon and often has a different color, texture, and structure. It's where clay and iron accumulate.
5. C horizon (Parent material): This layer is made up of the weathered bedrock that the soil is formed from. It's less affected by biological activity and can contain large rock fragments.
Important Note: Not all soils have all 5 layers. Some may be missing the E horizon, while others may have more complex profiles. These layers can vary depending on the climate, vegetation, and geological history of the area.
