* O horizon: The uppermost layer, consisting of organic matter like leaves, twigs, and decomposing plant and animal material.
* A horizon: The topsoil, a mix of mineral particles and organic matter. It is often darker in color than the layers below.
* E horizon: A layer of eluviation, where minerals have been leached out by water. This layer is often light in color and has a sandy texture.
* B horizon: The subsoil, containing less organic matter than the topsoil and often enriched with minerals. It is typically more dense and has a different color and texture than the topsoil.
* C horizon: The parent material, from which the soil has formed. This layer is often made up of weathered rock or other geological materials.
* R horizon: The bedrock, which is the solid rock layer that lies beneath the soil.
Note: These layers are not always present in every soil profile, and the order can sometimes be reversed. Additionally, there are sub-layers within each horizon, which are often designated by numbers (e.g., A1, A2, etc.).
