Here's a breakdown:
* Molten rock-forming substances: This refers to the melted minerals that make up rocks. These include silica, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
* Gases: Magma contains dissolved gases, primarily water vapor (H₂O), but also carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and others. These gases expand when magma rises to the surface, contributing to volcanic eruptions.
* Water: Magma contains water in various forms, including dissolved water and water vapor. This water plays a crucial role in lowering the melting point of rocks and driving volcanic activity.
* From the mantle: Magma originates in the Earth's mantle, the layer beneath the crust.
Once magma reaches the Earth's surface, it is called lava.
