* Hills: Sparta was situated in the valley of the Eurotas River, surrounded by the Taygetus Mountains to the west and the Parnon Mountains to the east. These mountains provided natural defenses for the city-state and offered grazing land for sheep and goats.
* Plains: The valley itself was a fertile plain known as the Eurotas Valley, which allowed Sparta to cultivate crops such as barley, wheat, and olives.
Therefore, Sparta's landscape featured both hills and plains, providing opportunities for agriculture, defense, and resource management.
