* Topsoil: This is the layer of soil that is closest to the surface. It is typically darker in color and richer in organic matter than the other layers of soil.

* Subsoil: This layer of soil is located beneath the topsoil. It is typically lighter in color and less rich in organic matter than the topsoil.

* Parent material: This is the layer of material that the soil is formed from. It can be rock, sediment, or other materials.

* Bedrock: This is the solid layer of rock that lies beneath the parent material.