Limestone, a sedimentary rock composed mostly of calcium carbonate, is particularly vulnerable to chemical weathering by acid rain.

Acid rain, formed when water combines with atmospheric pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released from sources like power plants and vehicles, becomes acidic and attacks the calcium carbonate minerals within limestone. This causes the limestone to dissolve, leading to surface erosion, pitting, and gradual degradation of the rock over time. The dissolved calcium can also be transported by water, potentially affecting other parts of the ecosystem.