- Erosion: Glaciers erode the Earth's surface through a process called glacial erosion. As glaciers move, they pick up and transport rocks, sediments, and other debris. This material can be deposited elsewhere, creating new landforms such as moraines and outwash plains.

- Deposition: Glaciers also deposit material as they melt. This material can form new landforms, such as moraines, kames, and eskers.

- Meltwater: The meltwater from glaciers can also shape the Earth's surface. Meltwater can cause flooding, which can erode soil and damage infrastructure. Meltwater can also create new channels and rivers, which can change the landscape.

- Permafrost: Glaciers can also affect the permafrost in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Permafrost is ground that remains frozen for at least two consecutive years. When glaciers melt, they can cause the permafrost to thaw, which can lead to changes in the landscape, such as the formation of sinkholes and landslides.