1. O Horizon: The topmost layer is the organic horizon, composed of decomposing plant material, known as humus.
2. E Horizon: Below the O horizon lies the eluvial horizon (E horizon). This layer is light-colored and has undergone significant leaching of minerals and nutrients.
3. B Horizon: The B horizon, also called the illuvial horizon, is where the leached minerals and organic matter from the E horizon accumulate. It is usually reddish or brownish in color.
4. C Horizon: The C horizon is the parent material from which the soil has developed. It is typically composed of unweathered bedrock or glacial till.
Podzols are acidic due to the leaching of bases and accumulation of organic acids. The low nutrient content of these soils makes them less suitable for agriculture, although some forestry and mining activities occur within the Boreal Shield.
