O Horizon (Organic Layer):
- This is the topmost layer and primarily consists of organic matter, such as fallen leaves, twigs, and decaying plant material.
- It is usually dark in color and rich in nutrients.
A Horizon (Topsoil):
- The A horizon is the topsoil layer, which is the most fertile and biologically active part of the soil.
- It contains a mixture of organic matter, minerals, and microorganisms.
- It is usually darker in color and has a crumbly structure.
E Horizon (Eluvial Layer):
- This layer is also known as the zone of leaching.
- It is characterized by the loss of soluble minerals, clay, and organic matter due to water movement and downward movement of materials from the A horizon.
- As a result, the E horizon is often lighter in color and has a lower nutrient content compared to the A horizon.
B Horizon (Subsoil):
- The B horizon is the subsoil layer, which is located beneath the E horizon (if present) or the A horizon.
- It is often denser and more compact than the A horizon.
- The B horizon is where clay, minerals, and oxides accumulate due to the downward movement of materials from the A and E horizons.
C Horizon (Parent Material):
- The C horizon consists of the parent material, which is the unconsolidated material from which the soil has developed.
- It can be composed of weathered rock, sediment, or other geological material.
- The C horizon is usually less affected by soil-forming processes and has a lower organic matter content compared to the upper horizons.
