- Uplift: This occurs when large portions of the Earth's crust are uplifted due to tectonic forces, such as plate collisions or the formation of domes or arches in the crust.
- Erosion: Erosion by water, wind, ice, or other agents can wear down and remove the overlying layers of rock, exposing deeper rocks below.
- Faulting: Rocks can be brought to the surface along fault lines, where they are uplifted or exposed as a result of tectonic movements.
- Volcanic activity: Volcanic eruptions can bring up molten rock from deep within the Earth, which solidifies and forms new rocks on the surface.
- Diapirism: Diapirism occurs when a less dense rock body rises through denser surrounding rocks due to buoyancy forces. This process can bring rocks from deeper levels to the surface.
