The existence of same-sex marriage in medieval Spain cannot be definitively proven based solely on a single 11th-century contract. While historical sources may provide glimpses into same-sex relationships or expressions of gender diverse identities, establishing the widespread societal recognition of same-sex marriage remains complex and requires careful evaluation of multiple types of evidence, including legal, religious, and cultural contextualization. Therefore, the mere presence of a single contract without a comprehensive analysis of its legal, social, and religious context does not suffice to assert that same-sex marriage was common or sanctioned within Spanish society during the 11th century or beyond.