Here's how it works:
1. Melting: Aluminium oxide has a very high melting point (over 2000°C), so it is dissolved in a molten mixture of cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) to lower the melting point and allow it to conduct electricity.
2. Electrolysis: The molten mixture is then subjected to a direct electric current. The positive electrode (anode) is made of carbon, and the negative electrode (cathode) is also made of carbon, but lined with a layer of aluminum.
3. Reactions: At the anode, oxygen is released:
2O²⁻ → O₂ + 4e⁻
4. Reactions: At the cathode, aluminum ions are reduced to aluminum metal:
Al³⁺ + 3e⁻ → Al
5. Separation: The aluminum metal is collected at the bottom of the electrolytic cell, while the oxygen gas is released.
This process is energy-intensive, but it is the most efficient way to produce aluminum on a large scale.